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Peter Debye pioneered the use of dipole moments for asymmetrical molecules and extended Einstein’s theory of specific heat to low temperatures by including low-energy phonons. Léon Nicolas Brillouin practically invented solid state physics (Brillouin zones) and helped develop the technology that became the computers we use today. In 1923, he introduced Dirac to quantum theory. Sir Ralph Howard Fowler supervised 15 FRS and 3 Nobel laureates. The relevant noncommutativity entails Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle. Werner Heisenberg replaced Bohr’s semi-classical orbits by a new quantum logic which became known as matrix mechanics (with the help of Born and Jordan). Pauli’s sharp tongue was legendary he once said about a bad paper: “This isn’t right this isn’t even wrong.” Wolfgang Pauli formulated the exclusion principle which explains the entire table of elements. Jules Emile Verschaffelt, the Flemish physicist, got his doctorate under Kamerlingh Onnes in 1899. In 1935, he challenged the Copenhagen Interpretation, with the famous tale of Schrödinger’s cat. He founded the thermodynamics of irreversible processes, which led his student Ilya Prigogine (1917-2006) to a Nobel prize.Įrwin Schrödinger matched observed quantum behavior with the properties of a continuous nonrelativistic wave obeying the Schrödinger Equation.
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Théophile de Donder defined chemical affinity in terms of the change in the free enthalpy. He played a leading role in the development of physics and chemistry during the twentieth century. Ehrenfest was a great teacher and a pioneer of quantum theory.Įdouard Herzen is one of only 7 people who participated in the two Solvay conferences of 19. This contradiction with Euclidean geometry inspired Einstein’s General Relativity. Paul Ehrenfest remarked (in 1909) that Special Relativity makes the rim of a spinning disk shrink but not its diameter. He made ultracentrifuges possible and pioneered the electron microscope. Middle: Peter Debye, Martin Knudsen, William Lawrence Bragg, Hendrik Anthony Kramers, Paul Dirac, Arthur Compton, Louis de Broglie, Max Born, Niels Bohr.įront: Irving Langmuir, Max Planck, Marie Curie, Hendrik Lorentz, Albert Einstein, Paul Langevin, Charles-Eugène Guye, CTR Wilson, Owen Richardson.Īuguste Piccard designed ships to explore the upper stratosphere and the deep seas (bathyscaphe, 1948).Įmile Henriot detected the natural radioactivity of potassium and rubidium. Starting at this point, the instrumentalists won, instrumentalism having been seen as the norm ever since.īack: Auguste Piccard, Émile Henriot, Paul Ehrenfest, Édouard Herzen, Théophile de Donder, Erwin Schrödinger, JE Verschaffelt, Wolfgang Pauli, Werner Heisenberg, Ralph Fowler, Léon Brillouin. This conference was also the culmination of the struggle between Einstein and the scientific realists, who wanted strict rules of scientific method as laid out by Charles Peirce and Karl Popper, versus Bohr and the instrumentalists, who wanted looser rules based on outcomes.
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Here’s a splendid colored version of the photo. 17 of the 29 attendees were or became Nobel Prize winners, including Marie Curie, who alone among them, had won Nobel Prizes in two separate scientific disciplines. Bohr replied: “Einstein, stop telling God what to do”. The leading figures were Albert Einstein and Niels Bohr.Įinstein, disenchanted with Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle, remarked “God does not play dice”. The most famous conference was the October 1927 Fifth Solvay International Conference on Electrons and Photons, where the world’s most notable physicists met to discuss the newly formulated quantum theory. Located in Brussels, the conferences were devoted to outstanding preeminent open problems in both physics and chemistry. The Solvay Conference, founded by the Belgian industrialist Ernest Solvay in 1912, was considered a turning point in the world of physics.